To know oneself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

To know oneself - Essay Example The â€Å"know thyself† phrase by Socrates is engraved in the entrance of the Apollo temple at Delphi in order to illustrate the importance of knowing one’s self (qtd. in Hergenhahn 44-45). Socrates believes that the essence of something is necessary in order to understand an individual’s self. Essence for Socrates is a definition or a concept that is universally accepted and acknowledged. In relation to this, Rene Descartes believes that a person exist because he or she is thinking (qtd. in E. Paul, Miller, and J. Paul 76-79). Therefore, the ability for a person to think is the greatest manifestation of self and existence. Descartes strongly believes that the only manifestation of the self is the capacity to think. The universe that he believes in may be just a creative hallucination, but the fact that he thinks of hallucinating is a proof of his self and existence. Self, the ability to think, is not relatively related to the parts of a person’s body. Des cartes believes that self, so long as the brain functions, is present even without legs. Therefore, Descartes's argument can be put into simpler sense that a self, which is considered as the personal identity, is the same mind and body. This argument is the same with John Locke; he considers that consciousness, which is the ability to sense and perceive, is the ability of a person to think. He also suggests that no matter what type of body a person has, his or her self will always be the same all throughout his or her existence. The identity will always be the same no matter he or she changes a body. In this manner, a person’s understanding is formed through thinking. As latter stated, self exists because a person thinks, and when this happens, he or she perceives and is able to use his or her senses. Therefore, if a person thinks that he or she exists, then he or she is conscious and can understand. In the light of understanding, David Hume (qtd. in Traiger) and John Locke a ssume that it is consistent from the past to the present. Understanding through the person’s sense and perception is constant similar to one’s self. Immanuel Kant (qtd. in Kitcher) suggests that a person is rational and free if he or she is conscious of his or her self. This consciousness will allow an individual to identify the presence of things in the universe. A person can trust what he or she knows because he or she can identify the objects presented to him or her. The presence of self also opens the door of a person to be fully aware of the presence of things or the knowledge surrounds him or her. Therefore, self manifest knowledge and the presence of knowledge manifest the consistency of things that are known. It can then be inferred that the universal knowledge, truth, or facts that a person know can be trusted to be the universal knowledge, truth, or facts for others. Therefore, knowing and trusting one’s self and knowledge encompass the person’s ability to have a constant self. In summation, according to Descartes, a person’s essence is his or her ability to think. As the argument goes back to Socrates, knowing a person’s self is the ability to know the essence of him or her. Therefore, it can be concluded that once a person thinks, self is present. As a person thinks, the act of sensing his or her surrounding and the act of perceiving are also done. Thinking is simultaneous to the latter acts, which will bear knowledge to the self. For this reason, the knowledge

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Report - Essay Example This paper aims at discussing how the city of Barcelona has attempted to use events to pursue wider objectives in tourism. Rationale The tourism strategy in Barcelona aims at developing a tourism model that will ensure that a balance is maintained between the local residents and tourist. It also aims at maintaining the identity values of this particular city. One of the values that the strategy fights to keep is the rich culture. It also maintains the values that make it attracting all sorts of tourist ranging from those who are interested in sport events, cultural festivals, religious events, and many others. Background The city of Barcelona has on many occasions had a boost to its tourism industry as a result of international events. These events include the visit by Benedict the XVI, the Barcelona marathon, Formula 1 Gran Prix of Barcelona, the Aphrodite – Les Folies Tour, Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona Open, La Merce Festivity, and the champion league finals. Th ese events attracted thousands of visitors to the city of Barcelona and earned the city a lot of income. Benedict the XVI visit to Barcelona Pope Benedict XVI arrived in Barcelona on the 6th of November 2010. His mission to Barcelona was to preside over the consecration of Barcelona’s Cathedral La Sagrada Familia. During the visit, the Pope held a private meeting with the queen and king of Spain. The visit is believed to have generated a total income of about â‚ ¬ 39 million to the city of Barcelona as a result of the activities that took place during the visit. More than half of this income is believed to have come from the expenditures of the visitors whose main attraction to Barcelona was the Pope’s visit. The income came from business activities such as transport, accommodation, shopping, restaurants, and many others (Smith 2012, p. 201). This event also played a very important role in marketing Barcelona as a tourist destination. The visitors who came specifica lly for the pope’s visit must have noticed the very many tourist attractions in Barcelona. Barcelona Marathon The city of Barcelona hosted the Barcelona Marathon of 2013. The marathon took place on the 17th of March 2013. The competition involved athletes from all over the world. The Barcelona Marathon first took place in the year 1980, and its fame has grown gradually over the years. In the year 2012 16, 743 athletes were registered for the marathon. During this marathon, city always gets lots of visitors who either come to participate in the event or just witness the event. Apart from being a tourist attraction by itself, it also helps allot in creating global awareness of the other tourist attractions in the city of Barcelona. Formula 1 Gran Prix Barcelona 2013 The city of Barcelona hosted the fifth Formula 1 Grand Prix of the season. These events took place in between the 10th and 12th of May 2013. During this event, the city received a lot of visitors from all over the w orld. Most of them were people who came specifically to experience the formula 1 event (Chalip and McGuirty2004, p. 272). This can mean that it generally increased the number of visitors that the city hosted in that year. This would mean that they also had an extra income because of this event. Other businesses such as accommodation and restaurants also benefited from this event. Income was also earned through the sales of tickets. Kylie Minogue in Barcelona Kylie Minogue is an internationally known

Career Aspiration For An Leadership Role

Career Aspiration For An Leadership Role Career is just like the journey when you are on the journey; you are maybe start of it, middle of your journey or near to end. In career the past of your career does not determine the future of your career, do you want to go the same direction or want to change your career direction. (Pedler, Burgoyne, Boydel 2007) Career is the pattern and biography of your working life. Career aspiration and plan development of my future is the part of this project and this includes the managing my abilities, strengths, weaknesses and all those aspects which are helpful for my career aspiration. A. Career Aspiration Strategy: When I talk about my further career strategy then it is clear that what I want from my future designation, status, money, care, esteem, satisfaction. But the question is that how I can get all these desires for this I need a proper strategy, and then I can gain my goals and desires. For gaining my desires or goals I set my Career strategy in such way: i. Short Term Strategy ii. Medium Term Strategy iii. Long Term Strategy For my future strategy I want to use the following module which is taken from Pedler M, Burgoyne J, Boydell T, A Managerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Guide to Self-Development, 5th Edition. Note: Each passage represents a major change in job requirements that translates to new skills requirements, new time horizons and applications and new work values. Based on work done initially by Walter Mahler and called Critical Career Passages. Figure 1 Critical career passages in large organizations. From Charan, R., Drotter, S. and Noel, J. The Leadership Pipeline: How to Build the Leadership Powered Company. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2001. Reproduced with kind permission i. Short Term Strategy: I want to set my short term strategy for my career according to the module (Fig. 1) given above and that also based on my previous experience. As I had the work experience of almost 2 years from September 2007 to till 1st December, 2009 in Pakistan and the experience was related to Manage Self according to the module (Fig. 1) and now I am in UK for Post Graduation. In short term strategy I want to start my career in UK from basic level and my career start from now to till the end of my Msc Management Practice program June 2011. Now my career path is Manage Self and does any part time job which I can get from any where and also try to get work as a Team Leader. I try to make myself perfect and strong and overcome my deficiencies in this 1st year strategy for my bright future and to manage others. In UK I had the experience as a Room Audit Officer and as a Sale man. ii. Medium Term Strategy: After the completing of my education in June 2011, I change my career towards a new dimension and towards new goals for learning and development. My new strategy is for 5 years. After completing education and when my Visa is near to expire I have two options return to my country Pakistan or stay in UK for my future work. But my first priority is to stay here, then there are further two options for me apply for HSMP or PSW. I also start to search my job in UK and also send documents for Visa extension. Where I place myself in medium term strategy? According to module (Fig. 1), I must start my career from Passage 2 and start applying for the positions which lead me toward Managerial level. In my next 3 years 2011 to 2014, I see myself as a Business Manager and want to enter in Passage 5. Which type of Organization I want to work? I just want to start my career in UK and there is no matter for me the organization is big or small but I want to see myself at a place where I learn, self development and good leadership learning. Then I want to move toward good and high reputed organization. After getting 2 years experience in any organization, I like to change my preference and move towards more education and must start again the learning process. I must do one more course of Msc as a part time in 2014 which is of two years but if I do it full time then it must be for one year after this I do the PHD in management. It is also possible that I do just PHD in Management instead of 2nd Msc. PHD is the part of my strategy in medium term planning. After from 2011 to 2016, I see myself as Business Manager and also a PHD holder in Management sciences. iii. Long Term Strategy: After the success of medium term planning my long term strategy become very vast and I have a lot of opportunities and career directions. My long term strategy is for the further 10 years from 2016 to onward. Where I see myself in further ten years? As a Professor As a Enterprise Manager As an Entrepreneur I have all these 3 choices but also two at the same time. Like if I am working in an organization, then I can also join the university as a part time professor. After gaining the experience I want to start my own business, beside this I also like to join the university as a lecturer. Desired Job Role: Fresh Graduate desired job role different from the experience person. When I have done my graduation, my desired job role was to enter in the organization, gain experience and polish myself. As I have 2 years work experience as a Sales Executive and also as a Relationship Manager designation. According to my strategy my desired job roles are such as: Marketing Executive to Marketing Manager and Director My experience as a Marketing Executive is almost 17 months and this is an edge for getting job anywhere and that is my favourite field and enjoys it. And Marketing Executive is involved in developing marketing campaigns that promote a product, service or idea. And in future career development, I can work as Sr. Marketing Executive in 1st year plan and in 2-5 years plan at Marketing Manager the in 10 years plans as a Marketing Director which present my strategy. Management Consultant My desired job role is as a Management consultant because it is related to my field and a Management Consultant is involved in providing objective advice, expertise and specialist skills with creating values, maximizing growth or improving the business performance. Customer Service Manager As I am related to marketing field and also from management there fore I know the needs of customer and the services for the customers. Therefore I like to do work as a Customer Service Manager. And the Customer Service Manager ensures that the organization work for the satisfaction of its customers needs. I like this job role because I am a creative, can do planning and problem solving person. Retail Manager I also like to do work in a retail outlet because it increases my experience and I met a lot of persons. Because of this job I have the scope as a Retail Manager in my 5 years plan and can move towards big retail outlets like Mark Spencer, Next, NIKE and any big outlet. And this job role is related to my field because of my marketing experience and my business education. Higher Education Lecturer As I explain in my 5 years and 10 years plan that I want to do PHD and this job role help me in my long term planning as a professor or lecturer in universities. In colleges and universities the qualification level is Msc and PHD. In this profession I can progress towards Dean of my department or towards the University Dean.

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera :: Energy Geothermal Papers

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera Introduction Geothermal energy is a process that uses heated groundwater to turn turbines that produce electricity. The water is warmed by the earth's natural heat. Geothermal energy was first developed by Count Lardarel of Lardarello, Tuscany in 1827 (Geothermal.marin). Since then many other countries have developed geothermal technology, yet it is a resource that remains mostly untapped. As the need to find alternative fuel sources grows, geothermal energy becomes an interesting option for potential future energy production. Geothermal energy production involves a complex set of issues. First it is important to place geothermal energy in context of today's energy needs. Currently, one of the ongoing dilemmas of energy use is the worldwide allocation of resources and general rate of consumption. Within this essay, I will illustrate a brief history of energy use and development. Geothermal energy can only be produced in particular geological settings. Only areas with recent volcanic activity can produce the heat needed for geothermal production. Therefore, a basic understanding of tectonic plate movement and volcanology is required to understand the production of geothermal energy. I intend to give a general background on the geological settings necessary for the production of geothermal energy production. Lastly, I will center on one region in particular, namely the Long Valley Caldera in California. This is an area that is saturated with historical and present volcanic activity. The recent volcanic activity makes it an area that is perfect for geothermal energy production. I will discuss in particular the Mammoth Pacific plant that operates in Mammoth Lakes. What is Geothermal Energy? The production of geothermal energy is a way of utilizing heat that is created by volcanic activity to produce electricity. Within a geothermal system, ground water is heated by magma chambers to temperatures as high as 450 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the temperature of the water depends on the geothermal gradient. A gradient signifies how deep below the surface the heated water is. The deeper down the water is in the earth, the hotter it will be (this is called a steep geothermal gradient). The water either reaches the surface of the earth naturally in the form of geysers, fumaroles, or hot springs; or it must be drilled.

Letter to Simon (Class Discussion)

Dear Simon, I would personally like to welcome you to our country. To begin with, the basic primary functions of an operating system (OS) is managing resources such as coordinating the hard drive, internal memory, processor, etc. to make your computer run more smoothly. The operating system also acts as a User Interface with the application Microsoft Office, with the trial version already installed onto your computer. Finally, running applications meaning running all the application software such as Microsoft Word in Microsoft Office which we are going to discuss. The main three features of Microsoft Office that I am going to discuss with you are spelling and grammar check feature, the status bar feature, and the Word Help feature. These features will be most helpful I believe with your experience as a student and a worker. The first we will discuss will be the spelling and grammar check feature. You will be able to use this feature to correct misspelled words and incorrect grammar in your document. This is most helpful when typing an essay for school and creating a document for the office such as a business proposal. As you type, Word automatically checks your typing for spelling and grammar errors. When you misspell a word or use incorrect grammar, a red (for the misspelling) and a green (for incorrect grammar) wavy underline will appear underneath the errors. You can go to the incorrect grammar or misspelled word and right click on the word to see the suggestions that Word will give you to put in place of the incorrect word and/or grammar. The next feature we will discuss is the status bar. It is located at the bottom of the current document window that you are creating just above the Windows task bar. It presents information about the document such as the progress of current tasks. It also displays how many pages in the document and on which page you are currently on. It also displays how many words you have typed which will be very helpful in the case that you may have to write a report with let us say 500 words in it. It also displays your spelling and grammar check icon to let you know if you have any errors. A blue check displayed on the icon means you do not currently have any errors, while a ed ‘x’ mark means you have an error somewhere in your document, whether it be incorrect grammar or a misspelled word. Also, another feature of Microsoft Word, that I will include for you, that you may find useful is the templates. A template is a starting point that is pre-set, all that is needed done by the operator, which is you, is to fill in the blanks or replace pre-written supplements. Examples of templates include business letters, resumes, academic letters, personal letters, statements, etc. You can view your templates by clicking on the Office Button, then select New, and click on installed templates. The last feature we will discuss is the Word Help feature. It is very useful especially when you are new to Microsoft Word. Any time you are in the process of using Word, it does not matter if you are in the middle of a paragraph, page, or sentence, you can access Word Help to find answers to any of your questions. It responds with a list of search results with different links from many sources that you can click on to display your desired answer. It will minimize your time learning how to use Word and will reduce your frustrations. You can access it by clicking the Microsoft Office Word Help button near the upper right corner of your Word window displayed as a blue circle with a white question mark in the middle. A specific software application that I have found useful on my computer is Microsoft Office Excel. I have found it useful because I can keep track of my financial records, I can make a spreadsheet of how much money I currently have, how much I have spent, what I have spent that money for, and how much money I have remaining. I have also actually made a â€Å"potty chart† for my three-year-old daughter that every time she uses her ‘potty’ on any given day, she receives a sticker on that chart. I have also made chore charts for my household because I have a couple of friends staying with me until they get on their feet. We rotate the chores every week. Finally, the features of my current course website, E-College, that will help me to achieve success in my academic pursuits are: the main Course Home page where I can keep track of new announcements that my professor has posted; he Grade Book tab where I can check to see what my current grade is and the grades I have made on different assignments; and the email tab that lets me keep in touch with my instructor of any personal matters or any questions I may have that I do not want to be shared publicly. I can also keep in touch with my fellow classmates concerning any assignments that I may not understand and I will be able to ask them for help. Good luck with everything. I hope you do very well in your studies and profession. Your friend, Staci N. Phillips

Entrepreneur: Small Business Management

Small Business Management 1. I think that entrepreneurship can be taught, because many of us exactly students had no experience with business and wish to learn about it, not the fact that all people will work on the specialty, but all of them need money to live, and one way to reach this goal is entrepreneurship. When it is taught, we already know from what to begin and we study on another's examples as it is possible to avoid some problems. On the other hand it depends on the person how he can use this knowledge from lesson more efficiently for his firm. . It seems to me that our collegiate entrepreneurs face a lot of barriers with schedule or time management, because they need to pass their course while they control their own businesses. Also when person launching his own business and it’s connected with producing product, he need demand for his product, but nowadays a lot of customers do not wish to take if the goods are not so known and many of them have got used to take t he checked up goods. Another point of barriers is stuff of employees it should be very responsible people. Of course every collegiate entrepreneur faces some financial obstacle because many of them invest their money, and they want to recover their money quicker, hence many of them look for new highly paid job as they want to be independent. 3. One advantage that collegiate entrepreneurs can do it’s very useful experience for future because they need to analyze will be this project profitable, use knowledge involving accounting, finance, management, marketing and so on also at the beginning it’s interesting will be a boss. As a student entrepreneur can take suggestion from teachers who provide to him advantageous information. Also lots of young people is very risky and they don’t afraid of launching business and their mind more creative and more fashionable. 4. I think that university can organize some special club for those people who want to begin their own business and invite people who really work as entrepreneurs, who can share their own experience with the other people

WTO Trade Agreements

WTO Trade Agreements Are WTO trade agreements unjust? With its membership of 163 states and with its ability to affect the process of policy-making in these countries, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is considered one of the most influential international organisations. The main conceptual premise, which justifies this Organisation’s continual existence, is that the removal of trade barriers on the way of a free flow of goods and services throughout the world does contribute to the facilitation of global prosperity (Walton 2013; Stiglitz Charlton 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO Trade Agreements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, the mentioned assumption helps to establish the Organization’s legitimacy, as such that has the principle of bilateral beneficence embedded into the very philosophy of its functioning, and to promote the idea that by applying for the membership in the WTO, the developing co untries will be able to revitalize their economies. As Sutherland (2008) noted, â€Å"In an era of broadening and deepening globalization, small or struggling economies thrive only in an environment that generates opportunity and supports entrepreneurship. Much of what the WTO does is, in fact, about helping achieve good or better governance† (p. 19). It is understood, of course, that such an idea is hardly consistent with the suggestion what the Organization’s trade-agreements can be unjust, by definition. Nevertheless, once subjected to an analytical inquiry, these agreements will be indeed exposed utterly inequitable, in the sense that they make it impossible for the developing country-members to become fully developed. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this statement at length while explaining what accounts for the Organization’s true (and rather unsightly) agenda. Even though the WTO top-officials never cease stressing out the Organisation’ s apolitical and ideologically neutral nature, this is far from being the actual case. The reason for this is apparent the manner, in which the WTO settles trade-disputes between country-members and provides the sets of recommendations, with respect to what should be the essence of economic reforms in these countries, is reflective of the foremost provisions of the ideology of Neoliberalism. They are as follows, â€Å"The state needs to reduce its interventionism in economic and social activities†¦ labour and financial markets should be deregulated†¦ Commerce and investments should be stimulated by eliminating borders and barriers† (Navarro 2006, p. 18). The actual logic behind these discursive assumptions that it is namely the ‘invisible hand of the market’, which should be made solely responsible for defining the socio-economic dynamics in just about every country on this planet – the main key to prosperity. The WTO is there to merely provide an additional momentum to this process (Walton 2010). However, the Organisation’s continual functioning implies that the mentioned ‘invisible market-hand’ is not quite as unseen and impartial as the advocates of free-trade would like us to believe, because it does not represent much of a challenge defining the place from where this ‘hand’ actually extends – the West.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, there is nothing too surprising about the fact that if anything, the WTO was able to succeed only in one thing – enforcing the so-called ‘Matthew effect’ (the rich get richer and the poor get poorer) on a global scale. This simply could not be otherwise – since the time of its founding in 1994, the WTO was conceptualised to serve the purpose of allowing the West to pursue with the policy of neo-colonialism in the Third and Second world countries, without having to invade them militarily. In this respect, Irogbe (2013) came up with the insightful observation, â€Å"The developed, former imperial powers have simply converted themselves into power brokers within the WTO. Mostly they do not have to send troops in to open up a countrys economy for foreign investment and privatization Today, they can simply threaten the country with economic collapse† (p. 190). The fact that the Organisation’s spokesmen often do express their concern with such issues as ‘global poverty’ or ‘global hunger’ is nothing but a publicity stunt, on these people’s part the WTO’s very existence contributes to the sheer acuteness of the mentioned issues more than anything else does. This simply could not be otherwise. The concerned Organisation functions as a huge vacuum machine – ensuring the steady flow of valuable natural and human reso urces out of the Second and Third world countries to the West, which in turn makes it quite impossible for these nations to be able to get out of poverty. The fact that this is indeed the case can be illustrated, in regard to the following The WTO prescribes its newly joined members (consisting of the underdeveloped countries) to refrain from enacting the policies of economic protectionism. The Organisation’s official explanation for this is that the concerned practice â€Å"ultimately leads to bloated, inefficient producers supplying consumers with outdated, unattractive products† (The case for open trade 2016, para. 7). However, the actual rationale behind such an anti-protectionist policy, on the part of the WTO, is much more unsightly – the Organisation’s stance, in this respect, is meant to eliminate any chances for the countries ‘underdogs’ to be able to ensure the proper functioning of the industrial sector of their economies. After al l, it has been well proven throughout the history that no country is able to develop an industrial/manufacturing capacity, unless having enacted the policy of economic protectionism throughout the process’s initial phase. The example of the so-called ‘Asian tigers’ (Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) proves the validity of this suggestion perfectly well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO Trade Agreements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once stripped of the politically-correct rhetoric, the Organisation’s anti-protectionist policy becomes fully explainable – while acting on behalf of the ‘collective West’, the WTO strives to suppress even a hypothetical possibility for the Western-based industries to end up facing too much competition from abroad. As Hart-Landsberg (2006) aptly pointed out, â€Å"The WTO is the vehicle used by the imperial powers to crush the infant industries in the underdeveloped countries in the interests of their MNCs† (p. 8). To illustrate the full soundness of this idea even further, one can refer to what accounted for the actual consequences of joining the WTO, on the part of such Baltic countries as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Prior to the development in question, there were many properly functioning industries in these countries, concerned with the production of cars, electronics, and heavy industrial equipment. Moreover, these countries used to be considered the major producers of electrical power in Europe. However, once members of the EU (and consequently WTO), Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have been effectively stripped of their industrial capacities, which in turn resulted in the dramatic rise of the unemployment-rate and consequently in bringing about the situation that, as of 2013, 60% of these countries’ citizens ended up having no choice but to seek seasonal (and often illegal) employment i n Europe (Hansson Randveer 2013). While settling trade-disputes between country-members, the WTO usually takes the side of the most economically developed ones – even at the expense of violating the very principle of ‘free trade’. To exemplify the legitimacy of this suggestion, we can refer to the Organisation’s 1999 decision to order some countries of the EU to stop purchasing bananas from the Caribbean region – all because the concerned practice was inconsistent with the interests of the U.S.-based Chiquita Corporation. The way in which the WTO handled the matter shows once again that, contrary to what its representatives proclaim, the Organisation never ceases to be driven by the essentially political considerations while trying to ensure ‘economic fairness’ across the world – something that implies the actual absence of the latter, in the first place. There are a number of indications that this is indeed the case. For exampl e, the WTO refused to take any action against the U.S., on the account of this country’s continual attempts to apply much political pressure on European nations to persist with imposing economic sanctions against Russia (another WTO-member). After all, the mentioned activity, on the part of the U.S., stands in striking contradiction to the most basic provisions of the WTO statute – yet, the Organisation’s top-officials prefer to turn a blind eye on it. This simply could not be otherwise – in order for the WTO bureaucrats to retain their chairs within the Organisation, they must make ‘proper’ (that is, Western-friendly) decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Irogbe (2013), â€Å"The unelected three-panel of bureaucrats as dispute judges (in the WTO), are appointed by the director-general†¦ who must have the blessings of the Quads (US, EU, Japan, and Canada)† (p. 177). It is understood, of course, that this undermines the prospect for WTO trade-agreements to be just, by definition. The WTO erects obstacles on the way of the free circulation of scientific knowledge throughout the world by the mean of coercing every country-member to sign the so-called Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP) agreement. This is being done to enable the overwhelmingly Western patent-holders to charge high royalties for just about every line of the internationally manufactured hi-tech products (Correa 2000). The mentioned Agreement, however, does not take into account the fact that throughout the course of the last few decades, the seemingly fast pace of scientific progress in the West has been achieved by the mean of ensuri ng the drainage of ‘brain power’ out of the developing countries in the Westward direction. Moreover, the Agreement’s advocates prefer to remain arrogant as to the fact that just about any type of scientific knowledge cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’ – the new scientific discoveries take place because of the earlier achievements in the various fields of science. What it means is that scientific knowledge belongs to the public and not corporate domain – something the WTO simply refuses to acknowledge. One of the negative consequences of this is that many people in the Second and Third world are denied the chance to receive a life-saving medical treatment. After all, it is namely due to South Africa’s membership in the WTO that this country is forbidden to produce drugs for alleviating the symptoms of AIDS in patients – despite the fact that this country is affected by the concerned disease more than any o ther, and the fact South Africa has a developed pharmaceutical industry. As noted by Curti (2001), â€Å"The WTO unreasonably restricts the trade of pharmaceuticals in order to protect the profit margin of Western drug producers at the expense of infected populations in developing countries† (p. 369). This alone raises a certain doubt as to the Organisation’s ability to serve the cause of progress and development. The WTO encourages country-members to eliminate the economically ‘unfeasible’ social programs/services, meant to facilitate the fair distribution of national wealth and to ensure the uninterrupted pace of social progress in these countries. According to Esty (2002), â€Å"The WTO seeks to privatize education, healthcare, energy, and water. Privatization means the selling off public assets†¦ to private, often foreign, corporations, to be run for profit instead of the public good† (p. 15). Therefore, there is nothing too surprising abou t the fact that the drastic lowering of living standards usually follows the implementation of the ‘free-market’ reforms, recommended by the WTO. One does not have to go far to prove the validity of this idea, because the illustrating examples are all around us. Probably the most convincing of them has to do with the ‘progress’ made by Ukraine, in the aftermath of having joined the WTO. It is not only that Ukraine’s ‘smart move’, in this respect, resulted in the country’s complete deindustrialisation, but also in the fact that, as of today, Ukraine’s systems of healthcare and education have de facto ceased to exist (Yurchenko 2012). According to the WTO, such a situation makes perfectly good sense. Why should the Ukrainian government invest in healthcare and education, if no short-term profit can be gained from it? As seen by the WTO bureaucrats, the country’s population is too large and ‘useless’, as it is. Therefore, it will only be logical to expect that, for as long as the Ukrainian government continues to cooperate with the WTO, the likelihood for this country to disappear from the world map in the near future (due to depopulation) will remain thoroughly realistic. After all, such a development would be thoroughly consistent with yet another officially proclaimed goal of the WTO – to enable the unrestricted repositioning of ‘workforce’ throughout the world (Armstrong 2012). In light of what has been mentioned earlier, WTO trade-agreements do seem utterly unjust – at least when assessed from the point of view of the developing (or underdeveloped) countries. The reason for this is quite apparent – the Organisation’s approach to facilitating free trade exposes the agenda of Western countries to conserve the current situation with the ‘division of labour’ on this planet. On one hand, there are the ‘privileged’ WTO members (Western countries), allowed enact a number of the clearly protectionist policies (such as providing farmers with heavy subsidies). On the other, however, there are the Organisation’s ‘underdogs’ (such as the earlier mentioned Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Ukraine), which are forbidden to even think of doing the same – all because their membership in the WTO assigns them with the informal status of Western colonies, at least in the economic sense of this word. It is true, of course, that due to being concerned with the removal of trade barriers across the world, the Organisation allows the most expedient accumulation of wealth on a global scale. This, however, does not necessarily mean that all the affiliated contributors are entitled to a fair share of it. Quite to the contrary – the WTO is there to help the West to maintain its neo-colonial grip on the developing countries, which is detrimental to the interests of the latter. It is under stood, of course, that this hardly contributes towards helping the Organisation’s policies to be perceived thoroughly fair by the underprivileged majority of its members. As Kapstein (1999) noted, â€Å"(Economic) institutions that discriminate against some players or fail to provide equal opportunity to the least advantaged cannot be considered just, though of course they might be efficient† (p. 533). However, there is even more to the issue – the fact that most of WTO trade-agreements are blatantly unjust, does not merely indicate the Organisation’s commitment to strengthening the Western economic dominance on this planet. Apparently, it is also something that exposes the conceptual erroneousness of the Neoliberal assumption that free (unregulated) trade is the key to richness. Yet, this specific idea defines the essence of the Organisation’s operant principles. After all, before they are made available in their segment of the market, the commerc ial goods and services must come into existence first, which in turn presupposes the (planned) creation of the objective preconditions such an eventual development to take place. And, it is specifically the enactment of the interventionist/protectionist economic policies by the government that has proven the only effective contributing factor, in this respect – especially in the case of those countries that have only recently been put on the path of industrialisation. Moreover, the WTO’s implicit insistence that people’s consumerist instincts alone define the quality of social dynamics in just about any country simply does not stand any ground, especially if assessed systemically. Even many supporters of Neoliberalism, such as James (2005), do recognise this fact, â€Å"Markets generally have large-scale effects that cannot be brought about by particular acts of buying or selling, or by the sole efforts of any particular economic agent† (p. 539). The reas on for this is that the mentioned dynamics never cease to remain highly societal (systemically complex) – even if appear to be solely affected by the supposedly unregulated fluctuations of supply and demand in the ‘free’ market. What this means is that, even if the WTO’s actual agenda was indeed concerned with helping the underdeveloped countries to become economically competitive, the Organisation would still not be able to progress far pursuing it. The reason for this is that, due to being ideologically driven (Neoliberlaism is as much of an oppressive ideology as Communism); the WTO is very reluctant to allow impartial scientific knowledge to have any effect on the quintessence of its currently deployed approaches for eliminating trade-barriers/settling trade-disputes between nations. This, in turn, removes even a hypothetical possibility for WTO trade-agreements to be just – even if it does appear to be the case on the outside. I believe that th e used line of argumentation, in defence of the idea that WTO trade-agreements are unfair, is consistent with the initially provided thesis. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude this paper by suggesting that the very existence of the WTO confirms that the workings of the world economy are politically/ideologically charged and that the West continues to benefit from being able to exploit the ‘global periphery’, under the disguise of helping the associated countries to attain ‘economic efficiency’. References Armstrong, C 2012, Global distributive justice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Correa, C 2000, Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries: the TRIPS agreement and policy options, Zed Books, London and New York. Curti, A 2001, ‘The WTO dispute settlement understanding: an unlikely weapon in the fight against AIDS’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 469-485. Esty, D 2002, ‘The World Trade Organizations legitimacy crisis’, World Trade Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-22. Hansson, A Randveer, M 2013, Economic adjustment in the Baltic countries, Working Papers of Eesti Pank, vol. 1, pp. 3-21. Hart-Landsberg, M 2006, ‘Neoliberalism: myths and reality’, Monthly Review, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1-17. Irogbe, K 2013, ‘Globalization and the World Trade Organization from the perspective of the underdeveloped world, The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 174-202. James, A 2005, ‘Distributive justice without sovereign rule: the case of trade’, Social Theory and Practice, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 533-559. Kapstein, E 1999, ‘Distributing the gains: justice and international trade’, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 533-555. Navarro, V 2006, ‘The worldwide class struggle’, Monthly Review, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 18-33. Stiglitz, J Charlton, A 2005, Fair trade for all: how trade can promote development, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sutherland, P 2008, Transforming nations, Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 125-136. The case for open trade 2016, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact3_e.htm. Walton, A 2010, ‘What is fair trade?’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 431-447. Walton, A 2013, The common arguments for fair trade, Political Studies, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 691-706. Yurchenko, Y 2012, ‘†Black holes† in the political economy of Ukraine: the neoliberalization of Europe’s â€Å"wild east†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Debatte: Review of Contemporary German Affairs, vol. 20, no. 2/3, pp. 125-149.

Essay on BusinessEssay Writing Service

Essay on BusinessEssay Writing Service Essay on Business Essay on BusinessAt the moment, critical business needs include the development of the network that would connect together all locations and allow all units to share information fast and safely. In this regard, another need arises, the need to enhance the security of the future network that would connect all units of the company. In such a way, the company has to develop and enhance its data warehouse to store and process information.The development of the data warehouse will contribute to the better information processing since more information will be processed faster. Therefore, the company will be able to boost its internal business processes (Viadrot, 2011). Furthermore, the development of the data warehouse will help the company to collect all the information concerning operations of the company and to make more accurate marketing analysis on the ground of the data available from the data warehouse.The development of the successful project of the new, enhanced data warehouse, a long with the development of the network connecting all units of the company, the company should first identify clearly resources needed for the project, including both financial and material. After that the company should find out whether the human resources of the company are capable to carry out the project and start using its new data warehouse and network (Peters, 2012). If the personnel of the company is not ready to use the new data warehouse, then the company will need to provide them with the training program and enroll all employees that will use the new data warehouse and network (Viadrot, 2011). After the assessment of material, financial and human resources needed for the project, the company should create the project team that will work on the development and implementation of the project. When the project team is created, members of the team should distribute functions and identify their responsibilities within the team, for instance, one team member is responsible fo r the development of the network, another – for hardware needed for the project, another – for software needed for the project, another – for information security, and so on (Peters, 2012). The next step is the development of the plan of the change, i.e. the introduction of the new warehouse and network and the implementation of the plan. During the implementation of the plan, the project team should monitor its implementation and conduct the control over its implementation. If the project team identifies any problems or failure to meet the plan, then the project team should introduced changes to complete the project successfully. After the implementation of the project, the project team should conduct the overall assessment of the project and its performance to identify strengths and weaknesses as well as possible problems which they team had to resolve. The analysis and assessment of the project will help the project team and the company to find out effective ways to the development and implementation of new projects.The management of all four stages of the SDLC, project team, and the physical logistics of the data warehouse located in four different places will involve the creation of the network that will unite the four different locations that will facilitate the management of all processes. In such a way, the project will be implemented successfully, while all the actions and information will be coordinated and managed properly.

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks N.S.Nandhinee S.Kayalvizhi    Abstract —The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed a host-based mobility management protocol, called Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol for mobile nodes (MNs) to maintain continuous service when they move among different foreign networks. However, Mobile IPv6 does not provide good service for real-time applications because it causes longer disruptions when the handoff takes place. Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. PMIPv6 still suffers from packet loss problem and signaling overhead. This paper performs a Bicasting scheme to reduce packet loss, use the piggyback technique to reduce the signaling overhead, also provides Authentication mechanism for protecting valid user from attacks in PMIPv6 networks. Keywords—Authentication, bicasting, handover, piggyback, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) 1 . Introduction As wireless technologies have grown, all the people want to use wireless networks while moving from one place to another. At the same time Mobile MIPv6 was developed by the internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support the Mobile Node. Even after introducing the Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes (MNs) did not receive any data packets when it performs the handover that involves , IP address configuration, movement detection and location update latencies. To reduce the handover latency, Fast Handover has been developed. Fast handover performs the movement detection and IP address whenever the Mobile Nodes move from one location to another. Therefore Fast handover protocol reduces the handover latency. However , MIPv6 cannot satisfy all the requirements of real time applications such as video streaming service and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service due to its high handover latency. To address this problem, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NETLMM working gro up developed a network based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6.Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support MNs without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 reduces lots of handoff latency compared with MIPv6, it still suffers from packet loss, signaling overhead and inefficient authentication procedure problems during handoff. This is because PMIPv6 does not use any buffer mechanism during the handoff procedure and performs the authentication and registration phases separately. Therefore this paper used a bicasting scheme for packet loss and piggybacking technique for signaling overhead. 2. Related works 2.1. survey on fast handover Chaung and Lee [2] proposed handoff schemes for PMIPv6 networks perform the authentication and registration phases separately, resulting in longer handoff latency. A. Pre-Handoff procedure The movements of an MN is det ected using the MAG and it performs mobility-related signaling with the LMA in place of the MN. The pre-handoff phase starts only when the MN is going to leave the range of the serving MAG (i.e., MAG1). First, MAG1 sends a handoff initial (HI) message to the target MAG(i.e., MN-ID) and the address of the target MAG. Then , MAG2 sends back a handoff acknowledgement (HACK) message to MAG1, and then a bi-directional tunnel is built between MAG1 and MAG2. After the bi-directional tunnel is built , the buffer of MAG2 prepares to buffer.

Critical analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical analysis - Assignment Example The reason why the Balanced Scorecard notion has so extensively accepted by manufacturing and service companies, nonprofit institutions, and government bodies globally since its opening in 1992: First, preceding methods that included non financial measurements use unplanned gathering of such measure, for instance, checklist of measures for manager to follow of and improve than an inclusive system of related measurements. The Balance Scorecard stresses the linkage of measurement to strategy (Kapalan, Norton, 1993) and cause-and effect linkages that explain the theories of the strategy (Kaplan, Norton, 1996b). The close link between the measurement method and strategy raises the role for non-financial measures from a set checklist to a complete system for strategy accomplishment (Kaplan, Norton, 1996a) Second, The Balanced Scorecard mirror the shifting nature of technology and aggressive benefit of the 19th and much of 20th centuries, corporations attained viable benefit from their investment in and running of tangible assets such as inventory, property, plant, and equipment (Chandler, 1990). Financial systems subjugated by tangible asset, fiscal measurements were sufficient to record investments on company’s balance sheets. However, many factors avert valid assessment of intangible possessions on balance sheets: First, the value from intangible assets is not direct. Resources such as knowledge and technology rarely have a direct impact on income and profit. Enhancement in intangible resources affects monetary outcomes through chains of cause-and-effect interaction linking two or three intermediate phases (Huselid, 1995; Becker, Huselid, 1998). For instance, think of relationship in the management profit (Heskett et al., 1994): investments in employee training lead to development in service quality that leads to high customer satisfaction that causes increased loyalty which generates increased

Epithelial Tissue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epithelial Tissue - Essay Example Epithelial tissue, which is only one layer thick, is called simple epithelium while stratified epithelium is two or more cells thick. Based on shape, simple epithelial cells can be classified as (1) Simple squamous: the cells are flat, thin, fish-scale shaped and have elliptical nuclei. They form the outer layers of the skin and the lining of cavities, such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart, and lungs. (2) Simple cuboidal: the cells are square or cuboidal, with spherical nuclei. They are found in the ducts of glands, lining of the kidney tubules and also form the germinal epithelium, which produces the eggs and sperms. (3) Simple columnar: the cells are columnar, with elongated nuclei and form the lining of the digestive tract. Simple columnar ciliated epithelium has fine, hair-like outgrowths on its’ free surface. Cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic movement of mucus in the nose and the movement of ovum towards the uterus. (4) Simple pseudo-stratified columnar: the columns are all of the varying heights, giving a false impression of multiple layers. They are found in the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea. Stratified, or compound, epithelium consists of external layers which are flat and scaly and may contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin, as in the skin.  

Casd Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Casd Briefing - Essay Example President Nixon refused to comply, arguing executive privilege. At issue: Does the President’s inherent right to safeguard certain information make him entirely immune to judicial review? President Nixon (through his counsel, James St. Clair) argued that the special prosecutor, functioning as an employee of the Department of Justice, made any request for White House audiotapes an internal matter to be resolved within the Executive Branch. In sum, the Judicial Branch was overstepping its Constitutional authority by intervening in the matter. Special prosecutor Leon Jaworski argued that the audiotapes in question almost certainly contained direct evidence of a criminal conspiracy, to wit, to commit obstruction of justice. Procedural history: Special prosecutor Jaworski secured a subpoena in Federal District Court (Judge John Sirica, presiding) requiring White House compliance with demands to surrender certain audiotapes, in April 1974, requiring the White House to surrender the tapes no later than May 31. The White House refused to comply. Both Jaworski and St. Clair (the President’s counsel) concurred in requesting the Supreme Court hear the appeal from the Sirica decision—‘certiorari before judgment,’ a procedure allowing the matter to proceed directly to the Supreme Court without an intervening hearing and decision rendered by the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit—which motion was granted. The Court heard arguments on July 8 and delivered its unanimous opinion on July 24, 1974. 3 The law: There was not specific statute at issue. However, certain language in the Constitution appears relevant. That document makes no reference to executive privilege, although it privileges Members of Congress in matters relating to debate (Art. I, sec. 6). Article II (the Presidency), provides, inter alia, that â€Å"The

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Environment - Essay Example These gases cause damage to the world’s flora and fauna. In addition, air pollution causes the following diseases; asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer and allergies. The use of Chlorofluorocarbons commonly referred to as CFCs is also responsible for air pollution (Khopkar 65). These gases deplete the ozone layer which protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. This has largely contributed to global warming. Water pollution is another form of environmental pollution that the world is facing. Factories continue to channel their waste products into various water bodies like rivers and lakes. This has affected marine life. People in rural areas still bathe in rivers. This leads to water pollution and makes this water unsafe for human consumption. There are also other forms of environmental pollution that are damaging Mother Nature at an alarming rate. Noise pollution, light pollution and soil pollution are among them. Noise pollution is caused by cars, aircrafts, horns, noise from factories and loudspeakers. However, research has shown that motor vehicles contribute to about 90% of noise pollution (Khopkar 76). Soil pollution, on the other hand, is caused by acidic rain, the use of fertilizers and contaminated water. These substances contain heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, hydrocarbons and herbicides which pollute the soil. One of the major effects of environmental pollution is global warming. Global warming is caused by the continued emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming include; rising sea level and melting of polar ice caps. This has put the lives of the people living along the coastal areas in danger. Through environmental pollution, the ozone layer is continually being depleted. Human activities such as the release of CFC cause the depletion of the ozone layer. The sun’s ultraviolet rays are believed to cause skin cancer. Due to the continued use of

Global Communication Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Communication - Term Paper Example Gannon further explains that use of cultural metaphors makes it easy for an individual to comprehend the differences in cultures. For example, the Japanese Garden acts as a metaphor, which depicts the culture in Japan. In both modern and traditional settings, men have always grouped themselves into different regions, currently known as countries. Every country has its own unique practices best presented by various cultural metaphors. In addition, cultural metaphors have various advantages such as offering an in-depth understanding of a country’s culture. In that view, one may have the opportunity to witness experiences, which may include seeing the practical bit of a people’s culture. When an opportunity for cross-cultural interaction appears, cultural metaphors can prove to be of significant use as they may provide a deep understanding as to why people are doing things in a certain manner (Gannon, and Pillai, 2009). Subsequently, this understanding makes interaction sm ooth and fruitful. In addition, this understanding may prove to be of essence where global communication is bound to take place as it gives rise to peace among individuals from different countries that have different cultural practices. The US and Poland both present two countries that have different cultural beliefs and practices. They each bear different metaphors to distinguish them. In Poland, a significant metaphor found virtually in all the towns is the village church. The village church is a symbol representing Poland’s peasant roots, Catholicism, which is a religious belief highly upheld in Poland’s culture, and the foreign power that was dominating them a while back. Poland’s choice of the exterior and interior looks of the church is a form of another cultural metaphor of the Polish. This is so because the looks are unique and present a product of the many years Poland underwent foreign domination. It is also worth noting that the Polish churches are st rategically located as they stand at the central part of the village. Concurrently, we find US having different cultural practices from those in Poland. For example, in the United States of America, different religions dominate the towns and cities. Moreover, the churches do not have a particular site that defines them. However, the United States of America has its own cultural metaphors, starting from its distinct colorful flag, which is a symbol of the unity of the states within the continent of North America. It is also notable that the Polish are high-context speakers on comparison to the Americans. Currently, the Polish culture is diverging from its roots, a change that to Poles has a negative effect; however, others feel that it will bring about positive changes. A change in the role of Polish church is one of the changes Poland’s culture is facing. At first, the church acted as a central figure within the towns but currently there is a large-scale project, which involv es building churches all over Poland’s countryside. Over the recent years, people have lost touch with the church; this presents another cultural change among the Poles. Prior to this sudden change people viewed the church as a haven of resisting communism, however, it now disregards what the

Casd Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Casd Briefing - Essay Example President Nixon refused to comply, arguing executive privilege. At issue: Does the President’s inherent right to safeguard certain information make him entirely immune to judicial review? President Nixon (through his counsel, James St. Clair) argued that the special prosecutor, functioning as an employee of the Department of Justice, made any request for White House audiotapes an internal matter to be resolved within the Executive Branch. In sum, the Judicial Branch was overstepping its Constitutional authority by intervening in the matter. Special prosecutor Leon Jaworski argued that the audiotapes in question almost certainly contained direct evidence of a criminal conspiracy, to wit, to commit obstruction of justice. Procedural history: Special prosecutor Jaworski secured a subpoena in Federal District Court (Judge John Sirica, presiding) requiring White House compliance with demands to surrender certain audiotapes, in April 1974, requiring the White House to surrender the tapes no later than May 31. The White House refused to comply. Both Jaworski and St. Clair (the President’s counsel) concurred in requesting the Supreme Court hear the appeal from the Sirica decision—‘certiorari before judgment,’ a procedure allowing the matter to proceed directly to the Supreme Court without an intervening hearing and decision rendered by the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit—which motion was granted. The Court heard arguments on July 8 and delivered its unanimous opinion on July 24, 1974. 3 The law: There was not specific statute at issue. However, certain language in the Constitution appears relevant. That document makes no reference to executive privilege, although it privileges Members of Congress in matters relating to debate (Art. I, sec. 6). Article II (the Presidency), provides, inter alia, that â€Å"The

Global Communication Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Communication - Term Paper Example Gannon further explains that use of cultural metaphors makes it easy for an individual to comprehend the differences in cultures. For example, the Japanese Garden acts as a metaphor, which depicts the culture in Japan. In both modern and traditional settings, men have always grouped themselves into different regions, currently known as countries. Every country has its own unique practices best presented by various cultural metaphors. In addition, cultural metaphors have various advantages such as offering an in-depth understanding of a country’s culture. In that view, one may have the opportunity to witness experiences, which may include seeing the practical bit of a people’s culture. When an opportunity for cross-cultural interaction appears, cultural metaphors can prove to be of significant use as they may provide a deep understanding as to why people are doing things in a certain manner (Gannon, and Pillai, 2009). Subsequently, this understanding makes interaction sm ooth and fruitful. In addition, this understanding may prove to be of essence where global communication is bound to take place as it gives rise to peace among individuals from different countries that have different cultural practices. The US and Poland both present two countries that have different cultural beliefs and practices. They each bear different metaphors to distinguish them. In Poland, a significant metaphor found virtually in all the towns is the village church. The village church is a symbol representing Poland’s peasant roots, Catholicism, which is a religious belief highly upheld in Poland’s culture, and the foreign power that was dominating them a while back. Poland’s choice of the exterior and interior looks of the church is a form of another cultural metaphor of the Polish. This is so because the looks are unique and present a product of the many years Poland underwent foreign domination. It is also worth noting that the Polish churches are st rategically located as they stand at the central part of the village. Concurrently, we find US having different cultural practices from those in Poland. For example, in the United States of America, different religions dominate the towns and cities. Moreover, the churches do not have a particular site that defines them. However, the United States of America has its own cultural metaphors, starting from its distinct colorful flag, which is a symbol of the unity of the states within the continent of North America. It is also notable that the Polish are high-context speakers on comparison to the Americans. Currently, the Polish culture is diverging from its roots, a change that to Poles has a negative effect; however, others feel that it will bring about positive changes. A change in the role of Polish church is one of the changes Poland’s culture is facing. At first, the church acted as a central figure within the towns but currently there is a large-scale project, which involv es building churches all over Poland’s countryside. Over the recent years, people have lost touch with the church; this presents another cultural change among the Poles. Prior to this sudden change people viewed the church as a haven of resisting communism, however, it now disregards what the

Economics of Organizations Essay Example for Free

Economics of Organizations Essay Introduction Coca-Cola is one of the world largest beverage companies in the world. The company offers its consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands.   The company is best known for its flagship invention of the product coca-cola which was invented in the in 1886 John stitch Pemberton. The management of the company has committed efforts toward ensuring that the company continues to offer quality products to its consumers. The company has managed to grow and expand where it now operates in over 200 countries worldwide with a customer base of approximately 1. 7 billion. In this case the coca cola company mainly produces the syrup concentrate, which is later sold to the various bottlers company worldwide. The company has engaged into many corporate social responsibility projects globally (CSR).   The CSR projects are economically important to the company as they improve business relation between the management and the stakeholders.   The company has established numerous globalization policies which are in line with the company mission to refresh the world both in the body and in the spirit. In addition, the management of the company aims at ensuring that the company create value and make a difference everywhere they engage.   Most importantly, the company also aims at ensuring that they introduce brand that help to satisfy the needs of all people. The company has been one of the most prominent companies in the beverage industry worldwide. Corporate Social Responsibility Coca-Cola operates in more than 200 countries globally.   Ultimately, there is need for the company to engage in many activities which have economic benefit to the communities around their business. Ultimately, organizations are expected to observe economic components that are they should conduct their business in such a way that they are consistent maximizing earnings per share (Asongu 84). Coca-cola is not unexceptional, hence the company should determine perfectly how they conduct their business so that to remain in the competitive edge hence maximizing the amount of profits they make.   It is economically important to for companies in this sector should ensure that they maintain strong but health competitions for a common objective of the shareholders.   Evidently, the only possible means to maintain a healthy relationship with the stakeholders is by engaging them through corporate social responsibilities projects (Asongu 84).   In addition the company should be defined by its consistent profitability of its total output productivity. The objectives behind the coca-cola company engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility activities it to guarantee sustainability.   Basically, the company bases it operations on the business ethics such as initiating development projects, contribution to training, facilitating economic growth among others (In Idowu 201).   It is evident that is if a company is economically stable it offers many benefits to the shareholders and the larger country in general. For instance, if a company is economically stable it will employ people and it will greatly contribute towards building a stronger economical country.   Coca-cola Company is always keen to ensure it has followed the due process and theories concerning how it operates corporate social responsibility projects or activities. Ultimately, Social responsibility has four dimensions that the company should be socially responsible. These include, legal, economic, voluntary and ethical.   Coca-cola Company is more focused to create profits but should aims to ensure the wellbeing of the society at the same time ensuring the set laws and regulations by the legal systems. Voluntary responsibilities for a company entail the ability of companies to initiate programs and other activities that aims to ensure wellbeing of the surrounding community. In business context, companies which ensure ethics and social responsibility in all levels of their operations are likely to have better outcomes than those which do not ensure social responsibility and ethics. For many years now, coca-cola company has followed and maintained the basic economic rules governing the manner at which Corporate Social Responsibility is carried out.   Many of its activities and programs are long term which has the aim to affirm the sustainability of the company (Idowu Leal 46).   Basically, the company has established many measures which ensure they are in line with the rules and model. Analysis of the company organizational structure and its modus operandi it is evident that the company has managed to achieve their objectives. This is because the despite the fact that the company is organized into several regions the top management has implemented control measure of ensuring that the company in all the regional groups produce the same brands. According to the report released in 2008 there is an indication that the company is performing stunningly in the corporate responsibility sector.   The most areas which the company performs perfectly are issues concerning water issues carbon dioxide emission and product packaging. Corporate responsibility or sustainability is the key factors for companies to achieve good productivity (Idowu Leal 46).   Good ethics and social performance go hand in hand in ensuring that the company achieves good performance.   The fact that the company engages in many social corporate responsibility activity helps the company to enhance its brand image and reputation. Evidently, customers habitually are attracted to brands and companies having good reputations in corporate responsibility areas. The tables below show the performance of coca-cola in relation corporate social responsibility activities. In this context, the company uses appropriate social accounting procedures which help the company to handle properly all matters concerning accountability.   The company uses annual audits from credible firms and inspections to ensure success of these programs.   For instance the statistics indicates a positive growth in the green house project footprint. Ultimately, this project has many economic advantages to the people and world in general (Asongu 86). Reduction of green house gases helps to eliminate harmful gases which are the major threats to the economy of all countries in the world. As a matter of fact, Coca Cola Company appears to have good strategies which guarantee long term CSR programs irrespective of the mother country. Conclusion From the above discussion it is evident that, Coca-Cola operates in more than 200 countries globally.   Ultimately, there is need for the company to engage in many activities which have economic benefit to the communities around their business. The fact that the organization more than 500 sparkling and still brands gives it a better chance to engage in many activities which tend to benefit the society where they operate in.   These projects are economically important to both society in general and the company.   Basically, voluntary responsibilities for a company entail the ability of companies to initiate programs and other activities that aims to ensure wellbeing of the surrounding community. In business context, companies which ensure ethics and social responsibility in all levels of their operations are likely to have better outcomes than those which do not ensure social responsibility and ethics References Asongu, J.J. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Practice. Lawrenceville, GA:   Ã‚   Greenview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing, 2007. Print. Idowu, Samuel O, and Filho W. Leal. Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berlin: Springer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berlin, 2008. Print. Idowu, Samuel O. Professionals Perspectives of Corporate Social Responsibility. , 2009. Print.

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay This brief report highlights the financial performance of the Trevors PLC using ration analysis and decisions on new projects that the company is going to be invested. Firstly it will focus on the financial statements of a company and the formats of financial statements. Secondly ration analysis performs on the basis of the information given about Trevors Plc. This explains under the main headings of Profitability, asset efficiency, liquidity, working capital management, solvency and Investors ratios. In addition to that it discusses the insufficient information to raise accurate comments on ratio analysis. Thirdly the emphasis will be given to the results obtained from net present value and Payback period calculations. Fourthly it identifies sources of finance. It involves details analysis of each financing methods and tax, ownership and controlling implication of each source. Finally the attention will be given towards the importance of financial planning and information need of the decision makers. Recommendation and conclusion of this report included in the latter part of this report. Financial statements Financial statements form a basis for understanding the financial performance, position and liquidity of a firm. As per the IAS Financial statement refers to, Balance sheet Income statement Statement of changes in equity Cash flow statement Accounting policies and notes An annual report includes following in general, Financial statements Auditors report 05 year summary of key financial data Stock prices(High or low) Management discussion and analysis Financial statements give good direction to achieve the objectives of a user. Fr example a lender to a firm in deciding whether or not to lend may refer to the cash flow statement. Financial health of a firm could be better understood by means of cash flow statement. Therefore this information collection can be viewed as a map, which provides a good direction. Often financial statements contain a large amount of information. Further the accounting policies, reporting environment, accounting practices are complex and constancy changing. The man can hide or omit key information, create the picture they require. Though the accounting standard limits variability, still financial reporting in different firms and industries has considerable deviations. The balance sheet is the snap shot of the firm. It is a convenient means of organizing and summarizing what a firm owns and what firm owes and the difference between the two at a given time (Equity). The structure of assets for a firm reflects line of business that the firm is in and also marginal decisions about how much cash and inventory to have and about credit policy, fixed assets acquisition and so on. Income statement measures a performance over some period of time, usually a quarter, or year. If you think balance sheet as a snap shot, then you can think of the income statement as a video recording covering the period between a before and an after picture. Information about the cash flows of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation. A cash flow statement, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an enterprise, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flows of different enterprises. It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different enterprises because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. As discussed in above lenders can evaluates the secure of their lending using g the information reflects on the cash flow statement. On the basis of that, if a companys cash flow statement reflects the well management of their cash and cash equitant that company is in position to raise fund easily from external sources. Various tools can be used in financial analysis. The derivative financial statements, (Cash flow statement, fond flow statement) Common size financial statement (Common size balance sheet and common size income statement), trend statement and Financial ratio analysis are the most commonly used tolls in financial analysis. These can be used as techniques of analyzing financial information for a more meaningful understanding of the financial position and performance of a firm. Formats of financial statements There are three basic forms of business organizations. Sole proprietorship, Partnership and limited liability companies. Sole proprietorship is a business form for which there is one owner, in a partnership two or more individuals act as owners and a limited liability company is a separate legal entity from its owners. When shares of a public limited company are listed, the company is known as quoted company, whose financial statements publication is compulsory. Therefore the annual reports of quoted companies are a major source of financial information. However most of the time, the financial information of sole proprietorships, partnerships and private limited liability companies are not readily publically available as there are no volunteers in financial statements publication. Tryor Plc presented their financial statements in accordance with the IASS since it get affects from legal requirements such as listing rules governed in the stock exchange. The main reason is the Tryor Plcs shared are listed on the stack exchange. Ratio Analysis Financial performance of the company can explain using a variety of measures. In particular, in this report, principally discuss the Trevors results by using ratio analysis. Ratio analysis can be regarded as a technique used in the financial statement analysis. It gives an insight in to the performance of an enterprise. Ratios could primarily be divided in to following areas: Profitability Asset Efficiency Liquidity Working Capital Management Gearing/ Leverage Investors Ratio Profitability This ratio reveals the efficiency of a business in terms of profitability and Assets utilization. Gross profit ratio of the company is recorded as 28.95%. This ratio is said to be favorable but in order to make accurate comment this has to be compared with the last year figures or industry averages. Net profit ratio of Trevors is 6.37%. Net profit ratio is also said to be favorable to the company since company earning profits from their operations. Trevor Plc was able to achieve significant turnover for the period. In addition to that management of the company was able to manage their cost of operations efficiently. However accurate comment on both rations will depend on the results of the last years and industry averages. (Refer Appendix 01 Profitability ratios) Asset Efficiency It assesses the efficiency of the company in terms of assets utilization. It is concerned on the areas of utilization of fixed assets and working capital. The detail analysis these ratios will reveal whether there are any idle assets or underutilized assets. Assets turnover is recorded at 0.73 (Refer Appendix 01 Asset efficiency ratio). This ratio indicates the  £1 of assets generates  £ 2.38 sales to the company. Therefore available information for the company is not sufficient since it has to be compared with industry averages or past years results. Liquidity This ratio assesses the liquidity position of the company. Liquidity is the amount of cash a company can put its hand to settle its debt and possibility to meet other unforeseen demands for cash payments too. A company can obtain liquid assets other the sales such as issue of shares for cash new loan or the sale of long term assets. But a company cannot rely on these at all times, and in general obtaining liquid funds depends on making sales and profits. Companys Current ratio is 2.16. Further Quick assets ratio is recorded as 1.50. (Refer Appendix 01). In theoretical view these two ratios are expected to be within a given range of 2:1 and 1:1 respectively. Trevors current ratio and quick assets ratio are lie within that given range. As a result of that companys liquidity position is held at good position. Therefore management of the company has to adopt on current strategies to continue this position in future also. However these ratios also compared with last year results or industry averages to raise an accurate comment on liquidity position of the company. Working Capital Management This assesses the efficiency of the working capital management of the company. Finished goods turnover ratio is recorded as 12 times. (Refer Appendix 01) Further this led to finished goods residence period to 30 days. In addition to that Creditors turnover ratio of the Trevors PLC is recorded as 8 times. Further company creditors period from suppliers is 45 days. Factors such as stock policies, policies on credit period allowed to debtors and those obtained from suppliers helps to determine the working capital management of the company. Comment on those rations cannot be raised due to unavailability of information. However Company would concentrate on increasing the rapidity of cash cycle, because each cycle can enhance the profitability of the company. Solvency Gearing ratios are concerned with a companys long term stability. How much the company owes in relation its size, whether its getting in to heavier debt or improving situation, and weather its debt burden seems heavy or light. Debt to equity ratio recorded as 3.94. It means  £ 01 of equity carries  £ 3.94 of debt. (Refer Appendix 01 gearing ratio) By just seeing the ratio its fair to say that Trevors uses significant amount of debt and can be identified as a geared company. Debt generally carries a fixed rate of interest; hence there is a given amount to be paid out from profits to holders of debt before arriving at residue available for distribution to the holders of the equity. The highly gearing situation creates greater risk to the equity holders. This means that there will be a grater volatility of amounts available for ordinary shareholders and presumably therefore greater volatility in dividends paid to share holders. Dividend payment in year 2009 is  £ 50,000. Investors ratio These ratios are considered to be external ratios and are used in evaluating the stability and investment potential of a company. Basic Earnings per share of the Trevor Plc was  £2.03 in 2009, reflecting the profitability in 2009. (Refer Appendix 01 Investors ratio). Trevors Plc can be considered as a well performing company in the industry since company maintains favorable investors ratios attracting potential investors. However this comment will not be accurate due to unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the company or the industry averages. Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Pay Back Period NPV =  £ 484,750.89 (Refer Appendix 02) Discounted Pay Back Period = 02 years and Nine Months (Refer Appendix 02) This project gives positive NPV of  £ 484,750.89. Further this project enables to recover its initial investment with in the period of 02 years Nine months. In order to make a decision based on the discounted payback period it has to be compared with target payback period. However project recovers its cost during its life time. Meanwhile positive NPV value gives a favorable indication that project is worthwhile. Therefore according the calculation its profitable to accept the project. Sources of Financing Term Loans Higher Purchases Debentures Venture Capital Leases Offer for sales Right Issue Tax Impact, Control and Ownership of Sources of finance Term Loans, Higher purchases, Debentures, Leases and venture capital can be identified as the debt financing methods. In the case of term loans, higher purchases, debentures and leases, existing ownership of the company may not be diluted. Voting rights to Control the company lies with the equity holders even though the company raise finance through above mentioned sources. Interest payments on debentures and term loans are tax deductible and debt holders do not have any controlling power in the company. However in the case of venture capital there is a risk associates with controlling power of the company, since controlling and planning of the business will be held in the newly acquired management. Rising of equity financing is much easier for a public company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange then its for a private company. Offer for sales and right issue can be identified as sources of Equity financing. Right issues are cheaper than offer for sales to the general public since it does not require the prospectus and less cost of underwriting. Right issues are more beneficial to existing shares holders than new shareholders. New shares are issued at discount to the current market price to the existing shareholders. In the case of right issues controlling power and ownership of the existing shareholders may not be diluted. However offer sales will lead to dilute the controlling power of the existing share holders. Dividend payments to existing shareholders and new shareholders are not tax deductible. Term Loans Long term loans are available from lending institutions and the commercial banks. It can be obtained to cover specific projects for restructuring as well as for equipment financing. Term loans are granted mainly on the strengths of cash generation of the project. This type of term loan facilitates grace period and easy repayment schedule at the early stage of projects operations. High purchases This is defined as procedure of purchasing goods under which the purchaser pays a deposit on the receipt of the goods followed by a number of installments until the debt is cleared. The goods do not become the property of the purchaser until the last installment has been paid. Debentures Debenture is direct from of borrowing by a company from the investors. In this case the interest rate and maturity period are fixed. The company is not required to pay the value of the debt before maturity although in some instances companies may prefer to redeem them before maturity by buying them back in the market. Venture Capital It refers to participation by way of equality or co- financing through long term convertible debt in business. Venture capital means risk capital. This type of capital is sought to assisting product development, market research and acquisition of plant and equipment. Risk associates with this are venture capital involves control of management and planning of the business. Leases Its a form of lending which enables a firm to use an asset without owing it. The owner of the assets grants another party the right to use the asset usually for a specific period in return of a series of specific rental payments. The risk is that lessee is not the owner of the asset for which he cannot claim capital allowances. Offer for sale Offer for sales is method of issuing shares to the public, which have already been bought by an investor as a block. Therefore its not considered as a primary issue but a secondary sale. A financial institution buys blocks of shares usually when the companies are formed and offer to the public at a later date. Right Issue Is a new issue of shares but subscription is limited to existing shareholders. Companies in need of additional capital usually go right issue unless the funds requirement is very large. The issue price will be determined usually at a level lower than the market price. Cost of sources of finance and impact on financial statements (FS) Capital structure decision is very significant since the question arises where her there is an optimal mix of capital and debt which a c company should try to achieve. If company is looking for obtaining debt Capital Company should earn enough profits to cover its interest charges before anything is available for equity. On the other hand if borrowed funds are invested in projects which provides return in excess of cost of debt capital, then the shareholders will enjoy the increased return on their equity. General cost of debt of each source as discussed in above is greater than the cost of equity financing. However tax savings can be enjoyed by the company in the cash of interest payments on debt financing. In the case of issuing shares to the public company has to incur considerable amount of expenses which are not tax deductible. As far as companies are concerned debt capital is potentially attractive sources of finance because interest charges reduce the profits chargeable only t o corporate tax. Shares can be issued to the public for the company whose shares are traded on the stock exchanges. In such case financial statements has to be complied with the IASs, listing rules and other regulations governing under the various institutions. Further format of financial statements for those companies are predetermined. But any company can obtain debt financing. In such case if the company is a quoted company, it has to be disclosed the financing sources and their cost and interest payments made during the period. Best method of raising funds Initial investment of  £ 1 m for the new project can e obtained from the term loan as a source of debt finance. Term loan has been selected to finance this project since this type of a loan can be easily obtained by Trevor PLC. Its quoted public company and this loan is obtained as the project oriented loan. Companys controlling power and the ownership of the existing shareholders will not be diluted. This is a main advantage to the company. In addition to that company does not have to incur any issue cost on issuing shares or debentures to the public. Company should have to incur only the interest payment on the borrowed amount of  £ 1m. Further interest payment on such loans is tax deductible and company can enjoy some tax savings. Debt holders do not have any controlling power on the entity. Anyhow company liable to pay interest whether company earn profit or incur loss. But this method is very suitable since this project generates a positioned net present value. In addition to the above this type of a loan repayment is geared to the specific needs of the project and may include a grace period before repayments commence and easier repayment schedule at the early stages of projects operations. Depending on the nature of the cash flow patterns firms are sometime allowed to capitalize the interest during the start up period. Financial Planning Finance for a business is provided either by owners or creditors. Finance is categorized by their maturity periods as short term and long term. Short term funds have maturity of on e year or less while long term funds have maturity of more than on e year. Therefore financial planning is very important for a finance manger since he has to match cash inflows from assets with the assets sources of financing. As such medium and long tem fiancà © investment in an enterprise should be financed from a medium and long term source. Investment in fixed assets such as land and buildings, plant and equipment generates benefits during their effective economic life. Therefore fund s locked in these assets will be repaid over a longer period. Thus long term assets should not be financed through short term sources. Therefore financial planning is significant without which company may incur heavy losses or possibility to go for bankruptcy. Information Needs of decision makers Piece of Information about any company is very essential to the stake holders who are interested in that company. Different stakeholders see the organizations from different angels. As such existing shares holders likes very much about the sales, gross profits, expenses incurred and profits earned during the period and any dividend payments. Potential investors are interested about the current earnings per share and new investments that the company is going to be implemented. Employees keen about the bonus payments, incentives, series and wages and potential survival of the company to ensure their job security. Government regulators are looking for information about profits and business operation to collect tax payments and other duties imposing on the nature of the business. As such different king of information about the company serves the stakeholders to make decisions which maximize their value. Unit Cost and Profit Margin As per the calculation (Refer Appendix 03) unit cost of a toy is recorded as  £ 19.68. Whereas profit margin of a toy (Refer appendix 03) is equal to the  £ 0.7179 in accordance with calculation. Recommendation Conclusion It is recommended Trevors Plc to undertake the new project of manufacturing and selling brand new toys since it generates positive net present value. Its fair to say the Trevors Plc perform their operations well. However accurate comments on ratio analysis cannot be raised since unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the Trevors PLC and industry averages.

Brainstorming :: essays research papers

Brainstorming Need a topic for an English assignment? Need a solution to a business problem? Brainstorming is a great way to find answers. Many problem solving or idea generating solutions may not be best managed by the first idea. It is best to consider many solutions. Brainstorming is a method of shared problem solving in which all members of a group spontaneously contribute ideas in a set amount of time. It involves three basic steps: identifying the issue, generating and listing ideas, and evaluating and picking a solution. The first and most important step in brainstorming is to identify the problem or idea to be explored. Those involved in the process need to be clear on the topic. The question or issue must be one about which all participants can speak to. To maximize contribution, parties involved in the process must feel free from insults or evaluations of their suggestions. The second step in the process is to generate and list ideas or options. Begin with a few moments of reflection as the ideas start to come to mind. Write down ideas as they come to mind regardless how impossible they may seem. Repetitive answers or â€Å"piggy-backing† ideas should be encouraged. A reasonable time frame should be established to meet goals or deadlines in a timely fashion. The third step in brainstorming is to evaluate and pick a solution. In reviewing the ideas generated ask some questions about the ideas and/or solutions to determine the importance of these. What does this idea or solution have in relation to the key topic idea? Why is this idea listed? How closely related is it to other ideas generated? Does this solution best fit the issue addressed? Solutions should be reviewed for its effectiveness. In the event the solution is not effective, one can refer back to the creative